This book examines notable contributions to the advancement of computer technology, as well as the many ways in which scientists and mathematicians use computers in their daily work. The newly revised edition places a focus on the development of computer hardware and software, the theory underlying the design of computer systems, and the use of computers to advance science and mathematics. It also provides a history of computers as scientific and mathematical tools, followed by examples of how computers are used to solve an increasingly wide range of scientific and mathematical problems. Chapters include Before Computers: Mechanizing Arithmetic, Counting, and Sorting; Early Computers: Automating Computation; Cryptography: Sending Secret Messages; Mathematical Proofs: Computers Find Truth; Simulation: Creating Worlds Inside a Computer; Weather: Mapping the Past, Predicting the Future; Computer-Inspired Biology: Making Computers from Living Things; Biology-Inspired Computing: Learning from Nature; and Recent Developments.