In some traditions, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism, Daoism, religion was not the individual and personal matter it became under the modern Judeo-Christian tradition, but rather was something that permeated all aspects of society. And while scholars have looked at violence in connection with particular religious manifestations (jihad in Islam, or the Crusades in Christendom), one can also look at important instances of peace, equality, and reconciliation. At its heart, freedom of religion is both freedom from persecution and the liberty to practice one's faith.